An in-depth analysis of the structure, principle and classification of sawing machines

The composition and principle of sawing machines

The sawing machine, as an important equipment for metal cutting, has a complex and precise structure. It is mainly composed of the base, the bed and the column, the saw beam and its transmission mechanism, the guiding device, the workpiece clamping mechanism, the tensioning device, the feeding frame, as well as the hydraulic transmission, electrical control and lubrication cooling systems. Each part plays a crucial role, jointly ensuring that the sawing machine can complete the metal cutting task efficiently and accurately.

The working principle of the sawing machine:

The hydraulic transmission system is the core part of the sawing machine. It is composed of components such as pumps, valves, oil cylinders, oil tanks and pipelines. Under the precise control of the electrical system, this system is capable of completing the lifting and lowering of the saw beam and the clamping actions of the workpiece. Through the speed control valve, the feed speed of the saw blade can be adjusted steplessly, thereby meeting the cutting requirements of workpieces made of different materials.

The electrical control system is responsible for controlling actions such as the rotation of the saw blade, the lifting and lowering of the saw beam, and the clamping of the workpiece. It is composed of components such as an electrical box, a control box, a junction box, a limit switch and an electromagnet, ensuring that the sawing machine can perform normal cutting according to the predetermined program.

In addition, the lubrication system is also an indispensable part of the sawing machine. Before starting up the machine, it is necessary to add oil to all parts in accordance with the lubrication requirements of the machine tool. The worm gear and worm in the worm gear box are lubricated with No. 30 engine oil, which needs to be replaced regularly to ensure the lubrication effect.

The transmission of the saw blade is driven by components such as the motor, pulley, and V-belt to drive the worm and worm gear in the worm gear box, which in turn drives the driving wheel to rotate. The saw blades wound around the active and passive flanges complete the cutting action during the rotation process. The feed motion is controlled by a hydraulic system composed of a lifting cylinder and a speed control valve to achieve stepless speed regulation.

Finally, the sawing machine is also equipped with a cooling system to clean the chips on the saw teeth and cool the cutting area. The coolant is directly driven and supplied by the water pump to ensure the smooth progress of the cutting process.

During the operation of the sawing machine, the lifting action of the sawing beam is of vital importance. When it is necessary to lower the sawing beam, the operator will press the corresponding work button. At this time, the hydraulic oil will enter the rod-bearing chamber of the lifting cylinder through the solenoid valve. Meanwhile, the hydraulic oil in the rod-bearing chamber will return to the oil tank through the solenoid valve and the one-way speed control valve. Similarly, the rapid descent function of the saw beam is also achieved by pressing the descent button. The hydraulic oil also enters the rod cavity, but the oil without the rod cavity is directly returned to the oil tank. The action of sawing the beam up is controlled by the up button. The hydraulic oil enters the rodless cavity, and the oil in the rod cavity returns to the oil tank.

In terms of clamping the workpiece, the operator can press the clamp release button to loosen the workpiece. At this point, the hydraulic oil will enter the right side of the clamping cylinder, while the hydraulic oil on the left side will return to the oil tank, thereby driving the left jaw to move to the left and achieving the release of the workpiece.

In addition, the sawing machine’s system is also equipped with an analog input/output module, which makes the monitoring of the sawing process more comprehensive. For example, by increasing the feedback on the deformation of the saw blade, the system can adaptively adjust the sawing speed. Meanwhile, the addition of servo valves further optimizes the speed and position control during the sawing process. The management function of the system also makes the management of materials and workpieces more convenient. The Chinese interface and real-time graphic status display have greatly enhanced the friendliness and intuitiveness of the operation. It is worth mentioning that as the system adopts a standard PC architecture, the networked management of sawing has also become more convenient and efficient.

Classification of sawing machines

【 Classification of Exercise Patterns 】
Sawing machines can be classified into manual and automatic types based on their movement methods. Manual sawing machines require operators to manually control the lifting and lowering of the saw beam and the clamping of the workpiece, while automatic sawing machines are equipped with an automated control system that can automatically complete these actions. In addition, sawing machines can be classified in more detail based on their uses and functions, such as metal sawing machines, wood sawing machines, etc. Different types of sawing machines vary in performance, efficiency and application scope. When making a choice, actual needs should be taken into consideration.

【 Classification of Structural Types 】
1.Circular sawing machine
The circular sawing machine is an important type of sawing machine, characterized by the circular saw blade rotating for cutting while simultaneously performing feed motion along with the saw blade box. According to the different feed directions of the saw blade, circular sawing machines can be classified into three types: horizontal (horizontal feed), vertical (vertical feed), and swing (swing feed around a support point). In addition, there are various specialized circular saws, such as oscillating saws for cutting gates and risers of large castings, as well as sawing and drilling combined machines for sawing and drilling rails.

2. Band saw machine
A band saw machine is a type of machine tool that cuts through a circular saw band. Its working principle is that the saw band is tensioned by two saw wheels and driven by them for cutting. This type of machine tool is mainly divided into two types: vertical and horizontal. The saw frame of a vertical band saw is set vertically, and the workpiece needs to move during cutting. It is mainly used for cutting sheet metal and the curved contours of formed parts. In addition, it can also replace the saw band with a file chain or abrasive belt for filing or grinding work. The saw frame of a horizontal band saw machine is arranged horizontally or at an Angle, and the feed is carried out in the vertical direction or in the direction of swinging around the support point. Meanwhile, the saw band is twisted by 40° to ensure that the saw teeth always remain perpendicular to the workpiece. Horizontal band saws can be further classified into various types such as scissor type, double-column and single-column. Meanwhile, based on usage conditions, the degree of automation of the controller and the requirements for cutting angles, band saws also have many different classifications and functions.

3. Bow sawing machine
The working principle of a bow sawing machine is that the saw bow equipped with saw blades moves back and forth, while the saw frame swings around a support point for feed. This type of machine tool has a compact structure and small size, but its cutting efficiency is relatively low. In a bow sawing machine, the movement trajectory of the saw blade can be divided into two types: straight line and arc line. When arc movement is adopted, the saw bow will slightly swing around a fulcrum. As a result, the entry amount of each sawtooth will increase accordingly, making chip removal easier and improving the cutting efficiency. At present, the new type of bow sawing machines mostly adopt this arc movement mode.